Friday, May 23, 2014

Fungal Infections

The last couple of weeks we have learned of a few infectious fungi like Cryptococcus sp. and Candida sp. We study bacteria and bacteria-related infections in depth, but very time is spent on fungal infections. A lot of people, including me, think it weird that something like yeast can cause a serious infection. The stuff you make bread with can make you sick? No way.

We talk about yeast and species of fungi, but I still associate it with the powder I mix into dough to get it to rise and the stuff in beer and wine that makes alcohol. I wanted to find out more about diseases caused from fungi, and what I did find was interesting. I didn't know there were so many species that had nothing to do with the carbon dioxide-producing baking aides. Here are some of the highlights.

Fungal Infections and HIV/AIDS

Fungal infections aren't something that happens often, and that's because our body does a great job of stopping infections and killing invaders. Fungi generally aren't protected by much and take a much longer time to grow and establish themselves than a bacterial infection would. But in a patient who was a weak or non-functioning immune system, opportunistic infectious agents have an easy time colonizing the body. That's why most fungal infections are seen in immunocompromized patients and why they are so serious. According to the paper linked below, around 50% of AIDS-related deaths are caused by fungal infections. Here are some of the most common fungal infections in HIV/AIDS patients.

Cryptococcosis



Cryptococcosis is caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. The fungus is inhaled and enters the lungs. The lack of protection from alveolar macrophages allows the fungus to spread to the blood, and later to the brain and CSF. Encephalomeningitis causes increased cranial pressure that leads to death. Sub-Sahara Africa sees the majority of infections, but the infection can occur in all populated areas. This is considered one of the more dangerous fungal infections because without help from the bodies' immune system it is difficult to clear and once symptoms appear the disease progresses rapidly. However, once the fungus is detected, the mortality rate for developed countries is about 9% but 70% in developing countries. Drugs like Amphotericin B and flucytosine are used in treatment. The defining identification of cryptococcal meningitis is a positive India ink stain of CSF fluid, but the fungus can be found in other tissues, especially the lung and brain.

To Be Continued

A neglected epidemic: fungal infections in HIV/AIDS.


2 comments:

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